黑料网大事记

Dr Karen Croot

Dr Karen Croot

Adjunct Senior Lecturer

BA Linguistics, Psychology聽(Hons) Macq.

D Psych (Clin Neuro) Macq.

PhD Cantab.

Medicine & Health
Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing

I am a Clinical Neuropsychologist employed on the CogSCAN Study led by Dr Nicole Kochan at the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA).聽 I received my Bachelor of Arts degree with majors in Linguistics and Psychology and Honours in Psychology from Macquarie University, my Doctor of Psychology degree in Clinical Neuropsychology from Macquarie University, and my PhD in Experimental Psychology from the University of Cambridge.聽

I previously held postdoctoral fellowships at the School of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Sydney and聽the Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science at Macquarie University.聽 Prior to joining CHeBA I was a Senior Lecturer in Applied Cognitive Psychology in the School of Psychology at the University of Sydney.聽 My research has been funded by the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust, the Australian Research Council, Alzheimer鈥檚 Australia, the British Academy, and the University of Munich (LMU).聽

In my聽current role on the CogSCAN Study, I am conducting cognitive assessment of older adults using pencil-and paper and computerised neuropsychological assessments, face-to-face and over the telephone.聽 I have contributed to developing several of the measured used in the study, including the Computer and Technology Attitude and Experience Questionnaire (CaTAQ), and I have a primary role in training staff on the project.聽 My other research projects investigate cognitive processes in speech production and speech motor control, disorders of speech motor control, and primary progressive aphasia.聽

Orcid id

Location
CHEBA (Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing) 黑料网大事记 Medicine, School of Psychiatry
  • Book Chapters | 2015
    Croot K, 2015, 'Motor speech disorders and models of speech production', in Cambridge Handbook of Communication Disorders, pp. 501 - 523,
    Book Chapters | 2010
    Croot K; Au C; Harper A, 2010, 'Prosodic structure and tongue twister errors', in Laboratory Phonology 10, DE GRUYTER MOUTON, pp. 433 - 460,
  • Journal articles | 2025
    Volkmer A; Alves EV; Bar-Zeev H; Barbieri E; Battista P; Beales A; Beber BC; Brotherhood E; Cadorio IR; Carthery-Goulart MT; Cartwright J; Crutch S; Croot K; Freitas MID; Gall茅e J; Grasso SM; Haley K; Hendriksen H; Henderson S; Jiskoot L; Almeida IJ; Kindell J; Kingma R; Kwan-Chen LLY; Lavoie M; Lifshitz-Ben-Basat A; Jokel R; Mahut-Dubos A; Matias-Guiu JA; Masson-Trottier M; Meinzer M; McGowan E; Mendez-Orellana C; Meyer AM; Millanski C; Montagut N; Mooney A; Morhardt DJ; Nickels L; Norvik M; Nowenstein IE; Paplikar A; Pozzebon M; Renard A; Ruggero L; Rogalski E; Rysop AU; Sand Aronsson F; Su谩rez-Gonz谩lez A; Savage S; Thi MT; Tsapkini K; Taylor-Rubin C; Tippett DC; Unger N; van Ewijk L; Wielaert S; Winsnes IE; Whitworth A; Yasa IC; Copland D; Henry ML; Warren JD; Varley R; Wallace SJ; Hardy CJD, 2025, 'An international core outcome set for primary progressive aphasia (COS-PPA): Consensus-based recommendations for communication interventions across research and clinical settings', Alzheimer S and Dementia, 21,
    Journal articles | 2024
    Page ZA; Croot K; Lam BCP; Brodaty H; Kochan NA, 2024, 'Clinical Manifestations', Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 20, pp. e090099,
    Journal articles | 2024
    Wauters LD; Croot K; Dial HR; Duffy JR; Grasso SM; Kim E; Schaffer Mendez K; Ballard KJ; Clark HM; Kohley L; Murray LL; Rogalski EJ; Figeys M; Milman L; Henry ML, 2024, 'Behavioral Treatment for Speech and Language in Primary Progressive Aphasia and Primary Progressive Apraxia of Speech: A Systematic Review', Neuropsychology Review, 34, pp. 882 - 923,
    Journal articles | 2023
    Page ZA; Croot K; Brodaty H; Sachdev PS; Lam BCP; Kochan NA, 2023, 'Suitability of Computerised and Pencil鈥恆nd鈥怭aper Neuropsychological Assessments in Healthy Older Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Australians: The CogSCAN Study', Alzheimer's & Dementia, 19,
    Journal articles | 2023
    Ruggero L; Croot K; Nickels L, 2023, 'Quality of Life Ratings and Proxy Bias in Primary Progressive Aphasia: Two Sides to the Story?', American Journal of Alzheimer S Disease and Other Dementias, 38,
    Journal articles | 2022
    Kochan NA; Croot K; Crawford JD; Allison KC; Rossie M; Brodaty H; Lam BCP; Henry JD; Lee T; Draper B; Close J; Ong MY; Bentvelzen A; Sachdev PS, 2022, 'Computer鈥恆dministered neuropsychological assessment batteries: Validity, reliability, and user experience in an Australian sample of community鈥恖iving older adults in the CogSCAN Study', Alzheimer's & Dementia, 18,
    Journal articles | 2022
    Page ZA; Croot K; Sachdev PS; Crawford JD; Lam BCP; Brodaty H; Miller Amberber A; Numbers K; Kochan NA, 2022, 'Comparison of Computerised and Pencil-and-Paper Neuropsychological Assessments in Older Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Australians', Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 28, pp. 1050 - 1063,
    Journal articles | 2022
    Page ZA; Croot K; Sachdev PS; Crawford JD; Lam BCP; Brodaty H; Miller Amberber A; Numbers K; Kochan NA, 2022, 'Comparison of computerised and pencil-and-paper neuropsychological assessments in older culturally and linguistically diverse Australians - CORRIGENDUM.', Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, pp. 1 - 1,
    Journal articles | 2022
    Taylor-Rubin C; Nickels L; Croot K, 2022, 'Exploring the effects of verb and noun treatment on verb phrase production in primary progressive aphasia: A series of single case experimental design studies', Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 32, pp. 1121 - 1163,
    Journal articles | 2021
    Taylor-Rubin C; Croot K; Nickels L, 2021, 'Is word learning enough? Improved verb phrase production following cueing of verbs and nouns in primary progressive aphasia', Cortex, 139, pp. 178 - 197,
    Journal articles | 2021
    Taylor-Rubin C; Croot K; Nickels L, 2021, 'Speech and language therapy in primary progressive aphasia: a critical review of current practice', Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 21, pp. 419 - 430,
    Journal articles | 2020
    Croot K; Allison KC; Sachdev PS; Brodaty H; Crawford JD; Lam BCP; Lee T; Henry JD; Draper B; Close J; Ong MY; Rossie M; Kochan NA, 2020, 'Development of the Computer and Technology Attitude Questionnaire (CaTAQ) to inform performance on computerised cognitive testing in older adults in the CogSCAN Study', Alzheimer's & Dementia, 16,
    Journal articles | 2020
    Krajenbrink T; Croot K; Taylor-Rubin C; Nickels L, 2020, 'Treatment for spoken and written word retrieval in the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia', Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 30, pp. 915 - 947,
    Journal articles | 2020
    Rossie M; Croot K; Allison KC; Brodaty H; Crawford JD; Lee T; Henry JD; Draper B; Close J; Ong MY; Lam BCP; Sachdev PS; Kochan NA, 2020, 'Predictors of acceptability and emotional response to computerized neuropsychological assessments in older adults: The CogSCAN Study', Alzheimer's & Dementia, 16,
    Journal articles | 2020
    Ruggero L; Croot K; Nickels L, 2020, 'How Evidence-Based Practice (E3BP) Informs Speech-Language Pathology for Primary Progressive Aphasia', American Journal of Alzheimer S Disease and Other Dementias, 35,
    Journal articles | 2019
    Croot K; Raiser T; Taylor-Rubin C; Ruggero L; Ackl N; Wlasich E; Danek A; Scharfenberg A; Foxe D; Hodges JR; Piguet O; Kochan NA; Nickels L, 2019, 'Lexical retrieval treatment in primary progressive aphasia: An investigation of treatment duration in a heterogeneous case series', Cortex, 115, pp. 133 - 158,
    Journal articles | 2019
    Ruggero L; Nickels L; Croot K, 2019, 'Perspectives on Living Positively with Primary Progressive Aphasia', Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13,
    Journal articles | 2019
    Ruggero L; Nickels L; Croot K, 2019, 'Quality of life in primary progressive aphasia: What do we know and what can we do next?', Aphasiology, 33, pp. 498 - 519,
    Journal articles | 2019
    Taylor-Rubin C; Azizi L; Croot K; Nickels L, 2019, 'Primary Progressive Aphasia Education and Support Groups: A Clinical Evaluation', American Journal of Alzheimer S Disease and Other Dementias, 35,
    Journal articles | 2019
    Taylor-Rubin C; Croot K; Nickels L, 2019, 'Adherence to lexical retrieval treatment in Primary Progressive Aphasia and implications for candidacy', Aphasiology, 33, pp. 1182 - 1201,
    Journal articles | 2019
    Taylor-Rubin C; Croot K; Nickels L, 2019, 'The effect of facilitation of lexical retrieval on verb phrase production in Primary Progressive Aphasia.', Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13,
    Journal articles | 2018
    Beirne MB; Croot K, 2018, 'Segmental speech error data elicited at prosodically-defined locations in tongue twisters', Data in Brief, 20, pp. 411 - 414,
    Journal articles | 2018
    Beirne MB; Croot K, 2018, 'The prosodic domain of phonological encoding: Evidence from speech errors', Cognition, 177, pp. 1 - 7,
    Journal articles | 2018
    Biedermann B; Cholin J; Jorschick A; Croot K; Hameau S; Nickels L, 2018, 'Is the homophone advantage influenced by post-lexical effects?', Cortex, 108, pp. 283 - 286,
    Journal articles | 2018
    Croot K, 2018, 'Treatment for Lexical Retrieval Impairments in Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Research Update with Implications for Clinical Practice', Seminars in Speech and Language, 39, pp. 242 - 256,
    Journal articles | 2017
    Cholin J; Croot K; Dell G; Biedermann B; Schwartz M, 2017, 'Prosodic and motor impairment in Apraxia of Speech: A single-case study', Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11,
    Journal articles | 2017
    Croot K; Lalas G; Biedermann B; Rastle K; Jones K; Cholin J, 2017, 'Syllable frequency effects in immediate but not delayed syllable naming in English', Language Cognition and Neuroscience, 32, pp. 1119 - 1132,
    Journal articles | 2017
    Hameister I; Nickels L; Abel S; Croot K, 2017, '鈥淒o you have mowing the lawn?鈥濃搃mprovements in word retrieval and grammar following constraint-induced language therapy in primary progressive aphasia', Aphasiology, 31, pp. 308 - 331,
    Journal articles | 2017
    Taylor-Rubin C; Croot K; Power E; Savage SA; Hodges JR; Togher L, 2017, 'Communication behaviors associated with successful conversation in semantic variant primary progressive aphasia', International Psychogeriatrics, 29, pp. 1619 - 1632,
    Journal articles | 2016
    Heitkamp N; Schumacher R; Croot K; de Langen EG; Monsch AU; Baumann T; Danek A, 2016, 'A longitudinal linguistic analysis of written text production in a case of semantic variant primary progressive aphasia', Journal of Neurolinguistics, 39, pp. 26 - 37,
    Journal articles | 2016
    Jones K; Croot K, 2016, 'The effect of blocked, random and mixed practice schedules on speech motor learning of tongue twisters in unimpaired speakers', Motor Control, 20, pp. 350 - 379,
    Journal articles | 2016
    Roche L; MacCann C; Croot K, 2016, 'Predictive factors for the uptake of coping strategies by spousal dementia caregivers: A systematic review', Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 30, pp. 80 - 91,
    Journal articles | 2015
    Croot K; Taylor C; Abel S; Jones K; Krein L; Hameister I; Ruggero L; Nickels L, 2015, 'Measuring gains in connected speech following treatment for word retrieval: a study with two participants with primary progressive aphasia', Aphasiology, 29, pp. 1265 - 1288,
    Journal articles | 2015
    Hameister I; Nickels L; Croot K; Willmes K; Abel S, 2015, 'CIAT-Based Speech Therapy in Patients with Non-Fluent Primary Progressive Aphasia', SPRACHE-STIMME-GEHOR, 39, pp. S9 - S10,
    Journal articles | 2015
    Kember H; Croot K; Patrick E, 2015, 'Phonological Encoding in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from Tongue Twisters', Language and Speech, 58, pp. 417 - 440,
    Journal articles | 2015
    Roche L; Croot K; Maccann C; Cramer B; Diehl-Schmid J, 2015, 'The Role of Coping Strategies in Psychological Outcomes for Frontotemporal Dementia Caregivers', Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 28, pp. 218 - 228,
    Journal articles | 2014
    Nickels L; Croot K, 2014, 'Understanding and living with primary progressive aphasia: Current progress and challenges for the future', Aphasiology, 28, pp. 885 - 899,
    Journal articles | 2014
    Raiser T; Croot K; Nickels L; Taylor C; Ackl N; Wlasich E; Stenglein鈥怟rapf G; Rominger A; Danek A, 2014, 'P4鈥350: WORD RETRIEVAL IN PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE APHASIA FOLLOWING LANGUAGE THERAPY', Alzheimer's & Dementia, 10,
    Journal articles | 2014
    Taylor C; Croot K; Power E; Savage SA; Hodges JR; Togher L, 2014, 'Trouble and repair during conversations of people with primary progressive aphasia', Aphasiology, 28, pp. 1069 - 1091,
    Journal articles | 2012
    Croot K; Ballard K; Leyton CE; Hodges JR, 2012, 'Apraxia of speech and phonological errors in the diagnosis of nonfluent/agrammatic and logopenic variants of primary progressive aphasia', Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 55, pp. S1562 - S1572,
    Journal articles | 2010
    Croot K, 2010, 'The emergent paradigm in Laboratory Phonology: Phonological categories and statistical generalisation in Cutler, Beckman and Edwards, Frisch and Br茅a-Spahn, Kapatsinski, and Walter', Laboratory Phonology, 1,
    Journal articles | 2010
    Power E; Code C; Croot K; Sheard C; Gonzalez Rothi LJ, 2010, 'Florida Apraxia Battery-Extended and Revised Sydney (FABERS): Design, description, and a healthy control sample', Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32, pp. 1 - 18,
    Journal articles | 2009
    Croot K; Nickels L; Laurence F; Manning M, 2009, 'Impairment- and activity/participation-directed interventions in progressive language impairment: Clinical and theoretical issues', Aphasiology, 23, pp. 125 - 160,
    Journal articles | 2009
    Croot K, 2009, 'Progressive language impairments: Definitions, diagnoses, and prognoses', Aphasiology, 23, pp. 302 - 326,
    Journal articles | 2009
    Nickels L; Croot K, 2009, 'Progressive language impairments: Intervention and management: A special issue of Aphasiology', Aphasiology, 23, pp. 123 - 124,
    Journal articles | 2009
    Taylor C; Kingma RM; Croot K; Nickels L, 2009, 'Speech pathology services for primary progressive aphasia: Exploring an emerging area of practice', Aphasiology, 23, pp. 161 - 174,
    Journal articles | 2005
    Rastle K; Harrington JM; Croot KP; Coltheart M, 2005, 'Characterizing the motor execution stage of speech production: Consonantal effects on delayed naming latency and onset duration', Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance, 31, pp. 1083 - 1095,
    Journal articles | 2002
    Croot K, 2002, 'Diagnosis of AOS: Definition and criteria', Seminars in Speech and Language, 23, pp. 267 - 279,
    Journal articles | 2002
    Joy Bowles E, 2002, 'Effects of essential oils and touch on resistance to nursing care procedures and other dementia-related behaviours in a residential care facility', International Journal of Aromatherapy, 12, pp. 22 - 29,
    Journal articles | 2001
    Baker E; Croot K; McLeod S; Paul R, 2001, 'Psycholinguistic Models of Speech Development and Their Application to Clinical Practice', Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 44, pp. 685 - 702,
    Journal articles | 2001
    Croot K; Hodges J; Xuereb J; Patterson K, 2001, 'Phonological and articulatory impairment in Alzheimer鈥檚 disease', Neurology Bulletin, XXXIII, pp. 112 - 112,
    Journal articles | 2001
    Croot K, 2001, 'Integrating the investigation of apraxic, aphasic and articulatory disorders in speech production: A move towards sound theory', Aphasiology, 15, pp. 58 - 62
    Journal articles | 2001
    Harasty JA; Halliday GM; Xuereb J; Croot K; Bennett HP; Hodges JR, 2001, 'Cortical degeneration associated with phonologic and semantic language impairments in AD.', Neurology, pp. 944 - 950
    Journal articles | 2000
    Croot K; Hodges JR; Xuereb J; Patterson K, 2000, 'Phonological and articulatory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: A case series', Brain and Language, 75, pp. 277 - 309,
    Journal articles | 2000
    Croot K, 2000, 'Can a model with gestural phonological repre-sentations account for acquired phonological and articulatory impairments? Two case studies', Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing, 5, pp. 113 - 121,
    Journal articles | 1999
    Croot K; Hodges JR; Patterson K, 1999, 'Evidence for impaired sentence comprehension in early Alzheimer's disease', Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, pp. 393 - 404,
    Journal articles | 1999
    Croot K; Patterson K; Hodges JR, 1999, 'Familial progressive aphasia: Insights into the nature and deterioration of single word processing', Cognitive Neuropsychology, 16, pp. 705 - 747,
    Journal articles | 1998
    Croot K; Patterson K; Hodges JR, 1998, 'Single word production in nonfluent progressive aphasia', Brain and Language, 61, pp. 226 - 273,
    Journal articles | 1996
    Croot K; Patterson K; Hodges JR, 1996, 'W-28. Phonological disruption in atypical dementia of the Alzheimer's type', Brain and Cognition, 32, pp. 186 - 190
  • Conference Posters | 2024
    Page ZA; Croot K; Lam BCP; Brodaty H; Kochan NA, 2024, 'Development and validation of a new measure Characterising Language Experience and Acculturation (CLEAr鈥怮) to inform the cognitive assessment of culturally and linguistically diverse older adults', Vol. 20, pp. e090099 - e090099,
    Conference Abstracts | 2019
    Kochan NA; Croot K; Allison KC; Brodaty H; Crawford JD; Lee T; Henry JD; Draper B; Close J; Ong MY; Rossie M; Bunce D; Sachdev PS, 2019, 'A cross-comparison and validation of four computer-administered neuropsychological assessment batteries in community-living older adults, and patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia: study protocol of CogSCAN [Poster Abstract P1-445]', in Alzheimer's & Dementia, Elsevier BV, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Vol. 15, pp. P441 - P442, presented at Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC) 2019, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 14 July 2019 - 16 July 2019,
    Conference Abstracts | 2018
    Kochan NA; Sachdev P; Lee T; Henry JD; Bunce D; Crawford JD; Croot K; Allison K; Brodaty H; Draper B; Close J, 2018, 'Computer-Administered Neuropsychological Tests in Seniors (CogSCAN): Study protocol for a cross-comparison and validation of four computerised neuropsychological test batteries in Mild Cognitive Impairment and dementia [Abstract]', in NHMRC National Institute for Dementia Research (NNIDR) Australian Dementia Forum Abstracts, Sydney, Australia, pp. 74 - 74, presented at Australian Dementia Forum 2018, Sydney, Australia, 03 June 2018 - 05 June 2018
    Conference Abstracts | 2016
    Taylor-Rubin C; Croot K; Power E; Savage SA; Hodges JR; Togher L, 2016, 'Aspects of natural conversation in primary progressive aphasia', in JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, WILEY-BLACKWELL, GERMANY, Munich, Vol. 138, pp. 351 - 351, presented at 10th International Conference on Frontotemporal Dementias, GERMANY, Munich, 31 August 2016 - 02 September 2016,
    Conference Papers | 2014
    Raiser T; Croot K; Ackl N; Wlasich E; Stenglein-Krapf G; Rominger A; Danek A, 2014, 'Facilitation of word retrieval in primary progressive aphasia', in EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, WILEY-BLACKWELL, TURKEY, Istanbul, pp. 636 - 636, presented at Joint Congress of European Neurology, TURKEY, Istanbul, 31 May 2014 - 03 June 2014,
    Conference Papers | 2006
    Croot K; Palethorpe S; Stephenson L; Tree J; Deacon B, 2006, 'Production of unstressed vowels in foreign accent syndrome: An index of atypical coarticulation or atypical articulatory tension?', in AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, WILEY, pp. 5 - 5,
    Conference Papers | 2006
    Smith D; Croot K, 2006, 'Visual speech contributions to learning an unfamiliar language contrast', in AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, pp. 90 - 90,
    Conference Papers | 2005
    Lim LL; Croot K; Palethorpe S; Coltheart M, 2005, 'The effect of multiple productions on the single word production of people with acquired speech sound production diffculties: An analysis of two cases', in Brain and Language, pp. 200 - 201,
    Conference Papers | 2002
    Croot K; Palethorpe S; Crofts B, 2002, 'Effects of speech elicitation task on phonological and phonetic processing in three people with impaired speech sound production', in AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC, pp. 51 - 51,
    Conference Papers | 2001
    Croot K, 2001, 'Apraxia of speech: Theoretical and clinical considerations in diagnosis', in AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC, pp. 179 - 179,
    Conference Papers | 2001
    Croot K, 2001, 'Task effects in single word production', in AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC, pp. 120 - 120,
    Conference Papers | 2001
    Rastle K; Harrington J; Croot K, 2001, 'Effects of initial phoneme on naming latency: Where do they come from?', in AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC, pp. 185 - 185,
    Conference Papers | 1999
    Croot K, 1999, 'An acoustic investigation of articulatory impairment in a case of nonfluent progressive aphasia', in Brain and Language, pp. 352 - 355
    Conference Papers | 1998
    Croot K, 1998, 'AN ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF VOWEL PRODUCTION ACROSS TASKS IN A CASE OF NON-FLUENT PROGRESSIVE APHASIA', in 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing ICSLP 1998
    Conference Papers | 1996
    Croot K; Patterson K; Hodges JR, 1996, 'Phonological disruption in atypical dementia of the Alzheimer's type', in BRAIN AND COGNITION, ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS, CANADA, UNIV QUEBEC MONTREAL, MONTREAL, pp. 186 - 190, presented at TENNET VII - Theoretical and Experimental Neuropsychology, CANADA, UNIV QUEBEC MONTREAL, MONTREAL, 14 August 1996 - 16 August 1996,
    Conference Papers | 1994
    Patterson K; Croot K; Hodges JR, 1994, 'SPEECH PRODUCTION: INSIGHTS FROM A STUDY OF PROGRESSIVE APHASIA', in 3rd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, ICSLP 1994, pp. 755 - 758